Law Enforcement in the Supervision of the Halal Product Process for Micro and Small Enterprises :  An Analysis Based on Lawrence Friedman's Legal System Theory

Muhammad Dhiya'ul Haqqi

doi:10.21580/halalin.2026.3.1.21

Authors

Muhammad Dhiya'ul Haqqi Universitas Diponegoro https://orcid.org/0009-0000-1044-6469

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.21580/halalin.2026.3.1.21

Keywords:

Halal Product Process Supervision; Halal Product Assurance; Legal Structure; Law Enforcement; Spiritual Rights of Muslim Consumers; Inter-Agency Coordination.

Abstract

The supervision of the Halal Product Process (HPP) for Micro and Small Enterprises (MSEs) in Indonesia remains inadequate despite the existence of a relatively comprehensive legal framework. This situation raises two fundamental legal questions: why halal product supervision continues to exhibit structural weaknesses and how these weaknesses affect the protection of the spiritual rights of Muslim consumers. This study employs normative legal research using statutory and conceptual approaches. Relevant legislation on halal product assurance is analyzed through Lawrence Friedman's legal system theory, with particular emphasis on the legal structure dimension, complemented by the theory of law enforcement.

The findings reveal that Law Number 33 of 2014 on Halal Product Assurance and Government Regulation Number 39 of 2021 provide only general provisions on supervisory mechanisms and do not establish operational standards specifically tailored to the characteristics of MSEs. From the perspective of legal structure, the institutional capacity of the Halal Product Assurance Agency (BPJPH) has been predominantly focused on accelerating halal certification to meet the October 2026 mandatory certification deadline, while post-certification supervision has received considerably less attention. This institutional imbalance is further compounded by inadequate coordination among the BPJPH, the National Agency of Drug and Food Control (BPOM), and local governments, creating governance gaps in the supervision of halal product compliance.

These structural deficiencies undermine the effective protection of the spiritual rights of Muslim consumers by increasing the risk that products circulating in the market may no longer consistently comply with halal requirements after certification. Although the concept of spiritual rights is not expressly recognized under Indonesian legislation, it can be interpreted as an integral component of consumers' rights to safety, comfort, and accurate information as guaranteed under Law Number 8 of 1999 on Consumer Protection. Strengthening institutional capacity, establishing a more coherent supervisory framework, and enhancing inter-agency coordination are therefore essential to ensuring effective halal product assurance and safeguarding the spiritual interests of Muslim consumers.

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Legislation

Undang-Undang Dasar Negara Republik Indonesia Tahun 1945.

Undang-Undang Nomor 8 Tahun 1999 tentang Perlindungan Konsumen (Lembaran Negara Republik Indonesia Tahun 1999 Nomor 42, Tambahan Lembaran Negara Republik Indonesia Nomor 3821).

Undang-Undang Nomor 20 Tahun 2008 tentang Usaha Mikro, Kecil, dan Menengah (Lembaran Negara Republik Indonesia Tahun 2008 Nomor 93, Tambahan Lembaran Negara Republik Indonesia Nomor 4866).

Undang-Undang Nomor 18 Tahun 2012 tentang Pangan (Lembaran Negara Republik Indonesia Tahun 2012 Nomor 227, Tambahan Lembaran Negara Republik Indonesia Nomor 5360).

Undang-Undang Nomor 33 Tahun 2014 tentang Jaminan Produk Halal (Lembaran Negara Republik Indonesia Tahun 2014 Nomor 295, Tambahan Lembaran Negara Republik Indonesia Nomor 5604).

Undang-Undang Nomor 23 Tahun 2014 tentang Pemerintahan Daerah (Lembaran Negara Republik Indonesia Tahun 2014 Nomor 244, Tambahan Lembaran Negara Republik Indonesia Nomor 5587).

Peraturan Pemerintah Pengganti Undang-Undang Nomor 2 Tahun 2022 tentang Cipta Kerja (Lembaran Negara Republik Indonesia Tahun 2022 Nomor 238, Tambahan Lembaran Negara Republik Indonesia Nomor 6841).

Undang-Undang Nomor 6 Tahun 2023 tentang Penetapan Peraturan Pemerintah Pengganti Undang-Undang Nomor 2 Tahun 2022 tentang Cipta Kerja menjadi Undang-Undang (Lembaran Negara Republik Indonesia Tahun 2023 Nomor 41, Tambahan Lembaran Negara Republik Indonesia Nomor 6856).

Peraturan Pemerintah Nomor 42 Tahun 2024 tentang Penyelenggaraan Bidang Jaminan Produk Halal (Lembaran Negara Republik Indonesia Tahun 2021 Nomor 50, Tambahan Lembaran Negara Republik Indonesia Nomor 6655).

Peraturan Menteri Agama Nomor 20 Tahun 2021 tentang Sertifikasi Halal bagi Pelaku Usaha Mikro dan Kecil (Berita Negara Republik Indonesia Tahun 2021 Nomor 1043)