From AI and Blockchain to Sustainable Halal Ecosystems: A Systematic Literature Review and Integrated Governance-ESG Framework

Muhammad Sharyar; Sumra Akram; Gusti  Ayu Radeni Citra P; Assiya Akhter; Dewi Atikhoh

doi:10.21580/halalin.2026.3.2.40

Authors

Muhammad Sharyar Universitas Diponegoro https://orcid.org/0009-0007-2526-8395
Sumra Akram Pakistan Institute of Development Economics
Gusti Ayu Radeni Citra P Universitas Diponegoro
Assiya Akhter International Islamic University Islamabad https://orcid.org/0009-0005-9685-029X
Dewi Atikhoh Universitas Diponegoro

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.21580/halalin.2026.3.2.40

Keywords:

Artificial Intelligence; Blockchain; Halal Ecosystem; Environmental, Social and Governance; Maqasid Al-Shariah

Abstract

Halal integrity is a credibility attribute that consumers cannot verify, yet digital remedies for fraud and certification failure are studied in separate silos: artificial intelligence, blockchain, governance and environmental, social and governance agendas. This review synthesizes how artificial intelligence and blockchain support halal ecosystem integrity and which governance and environmental, social and governance arrangements condition their sustainable distribution. A systematic literature review guided by the 2020 Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses statement searched Scopus, ScienceDirect and Google Scholar for studies published between 2018 and 2026. Of 414 records identified, 396 remained after de-duplication, 61 full texts were assessed and 28 studies were included. First, all 28 studies (100%) address blockchain, nine (32%) address artificial intelligence and only three (11%) engage environmental, social and governance explicitly; none combines artificial intelligence, blockchain and environmental, social and governance. Second, 14 studies (50%) are reviews or editorials, none reports a field experiment or longitudinal design and none measures environmental outcomes. Third, governance is the binding constraint: ledgers secure records but cannot verify their truth or reconcile divergent standards. Fourth, eight studies (29%) are set in Indonesia or Malaysia and none addresses halal pharmaceuticals or cosmetics. Sustainability claims therefore rest largely on assertion rather than measurement. To our knowledge, this is the first systematic review to examine artificial intelligence, blockchain, governance and environmental, social and governance jointly in halal ecosystems; because evidence on artificial intelligence and environmental, social and governance is thin, its main contribution is a map of what is and is not evidenced. It proposes an extension of the technology-organization-environment framework with Maqasid-based legitimacy and a governance moderator, specifies boundary conditions and failure modes and offers a three-stage roadmap and a policy agenda. The central contribution is an integrated governance framework whose six propositions remain to be tested.

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